Primary Question&Answers

Proffessional oppinions. Advertising agencies. Male and Female opinions.

“When creating ideas at the start of any new campaign we are, obviously, influenced by gender which is usually specified as our target market (or who we are talking to) in our initial briefing. Generally certain products lean towards a specific gender (Tampax and Lynx being obvious examples for both genders) and our language, tone of voice and visuals reflect this. When the product has a more universal appeal we try not to alienate anybody when coming up with ideas. I think that there has always been a 'female' voice in advertising on a generic level because, as research shows, women are the main purchasers of most products (everything from FMCG, white goods, holidays & fashion) not just for themselves but their families and partners. One area where there is a definite bias and the exception to this rule is the car market where men are the main deciders in the market, that is why you will find, with most makes of cars, the tone of voice is all about tech and sexiness etc. This is what appeals to the male demographic in that particular market so nothing has really has changed over the years.”

Female Feedback…

“Hi,

Firstly, I would recommend reading Judith Butler – Gender Trouble, this will ensure proper use and understanding of ‘gender,’ but also this will probably help with the construction of an argument and a really detailed analysis.

Of course, there is always a target audience that has to be considered with any campaign and this is often simplified and somewhat generic as appealing to masses implicitly means you cannot speak to individuals, despite the desired effect being to speak to an individual. It is relying on the individual’s interpretation of a representation (eg. a car advert) and so to an extent is conditional on that individual’s grasp of social norms and conventions (which are reflected through the ad) and how they situate themselves in relation to those norms before they can understand what they are seeing.

The idea that car advertisements are tailored towards ‘men’ is true insomuch as they represent what is considered/accepted as ‘masculine’ (and masculine being an accepted quality of men) within that specific culture.

As far as a female voice is concerned, it depends on how the viewer understands ‘female’ and of course, it does not necessarily mean ‘feminine’ so you need to ask, do you really mean ‘feminine’ or the ‘idealised female in western culture,’ as opposed to simply ‘female?’

So to answer your question, there is a female voice because there has to be if an advert is constructed around a ‘male/female,’ ‘masculine/feminine’ binary, but it is relative to ‘male’ eg. the constitutive outside (see Stuart Hall on Representation). As we live in a patriarchal society, the female voice in this context is passive rather than active. Car adverts are tailored to appeal to a sense of heteronormative masculinity and imply that men should strive towards that and this is where women as active consumers are left out of the picture. Obviously, this is not a good thing.

With the title, you first need to ask what is the female unconscious and is this ubiquitous?

I’m not really sure reconfiguring advertisements to target a female unconscious is actually very feminist or constructive as it means first women must again be objectified.

Not really a direct answer but something to think about.”

Primary Research: interviews ect

Practical Element COP3_

by speaking to the class, i have found that 85% of designers, within my class find that designing for the opposite sex is much harder than designing for the same sex. This is down to the fact they find it harder to distinguish what the opposite sex wants.

My aim is to gain an understanding of what the opposite sex looks for enabling me to become a much more effective designer.


Primary analysis of archive.
_
In terms of gaining a greater understanding of how psychoanalysis is applied to advertising by looking at archived ads from Saatchi it became apparent how much advertising had changed over the years especially when designing to target the female audience. I feel that by analysing these ads i have gained a greater understanding of what and how psychoanalysis works.

Proffessional oppinions. Advertising agencies. Male and Female opinions.

Rod Elms, Saatchi & Saatchi 

“When creating ideas at the start of any new campaign we are, obviously, influenced by gender which is usually specified as our target market (or who we are talking to) in our initial briefing. Generally certain products lean towards a specific gender (Tampax and Lynx being obvious examples for both genders) and our language, tone of voice and visuals reflect this. When the product has a more universal appeal we try not to alienate anybody when coming up with ideas. I think that there has always been a 'female' voice in advertising on a generic level because, as research shows, women are the main purchasers of most products (everything from FMCG, white goods, holidays & fashion) not just for themselves but their families and partners. One area where there is a definite bias and the exception to this rule is the car market where men are the main deciders in the market, that is why you will find, with most makes of cars, the tone of voice is all about power and sexiness etc. This is what appeals to the male demographic in that particular market so nothing has really has changed over the years.”

Female Feedback…

“Hi,

Firstly, I would recommend reading Judith Butler – Gender Trouble, this will ensure proper use and understanding of ‘gender,’ but also this will probably help with the construction of an argument and a really detailed analysis.

Of course, there is always a target audience that has to be considered with any campaign and this is often simplified and somewhat generic as appealing to masses implicitly means you cannot speak to individuals, despite the desired effect being to speak to an individual. It is relying on the individual’s interpretation of a representation (eg. a car advert) and so to an extent is conditional on that individual’s grasp of social norms and conventions (which are reflected through the ad) and how they situate themselves in relation to those norms before they can understand what they are seeing.

The idea that car advertisements are tailored towards ‘men’ is true insomuch as they represent what is considered/accepted as ‘masculine’ (and masculine being an accepted quality of men) within that specific culture.

As far as a female voice is concerned, it depends on how the viewer understands ‘female’ and of course, it does not necessarily mean ‘feminine’ so you need to ask, do you really mean ‘feminine’ or the ‘idealised female in western culture,’ as opposed to simply ‘female?’

So to answer your question, there is a female voice because there has to be if an advert is constructed around a ‘male/female,’ ‘masculine/feminine’ binary, but it is relative to ‘male’ eg. the constitutive outside (see Stuart Hall on Representation). As we live in a patriarchal society, the female voice in this context is passive rather than active. Car adverts are tailored to appeal to a sense of heteronormative masculinity and imply that men should strive towards that and this is where women as active consumers are left out of the picture. Obviously, this is not a good thing.

With the title, you first need to ask what is the female unconscious and is this ubiquitous?

I’m not really sure reconfiguring advertisements to target a female unconscious is actually very feminist or constructive as it means first women must again be objectified.”

Female 2 feedback

Here are my thoughts:

I don’t think there is any doubt that advertising campaigns are influenced by the gender of those that create them, but on the whole the car industry is incredibly straight white male-dominated, which means that any advertising campaigns occupy this straight white male-gendered space no matter the gender of their creators.

To really reconfigure car advertising the entire car culture needs to be occupied more by females. Not just for the sake of them being female but because they use and enjoy cars just as much as males, and yet television programmes like Top Gear are presented by males, and car industry shows include females only as models or promotional staff. Females see this and immediately feel excluded or at least severely marginalised, which is an issue that no amount of advertising can remedy.

However that’s an answer for a what is probably a whole other different question. As a female, if I were to work on a car advertising campaign I would be consciously pushing the topic of being inclusive of females, whereas males may not consider this viewpoint as a priority, and therefore any female appearances or appeal may be entirely incidental or at least steretypical. Some car campaigns have targeted females with success, such as the new Fiat 500 with its bold colours and unmistakeable (and very stereotypical) ‘female’ imagery, but in my opinion this is sexist to a degree - it only served to further reinforce the gender divide in the car industry as it’s telling us that some cars are for females, whereas the vast majority of others are for males. Female representation in car advertising certainly isn’t as sexist as it used to be by a long shot though!

Therefore what I would suggest is that in order to target the female unconscious, gender-neutral advertising is the only way to go. In an era where more and more females are sitting up and taking notice of, and riling against, ‘gendered’ advertising, no matter which gender it’s aimed at, it’s becoming more harmful to companies to target one over the other for products that are for both.

Dissertation Plan and Structure.

Using linear planning for my dissertation

When using linear planning for your dissertation outline you list your tasks in order of doing them, starting with your first dissertation task through to the end. Linear planning makes for a very clear outline, but it’s more difficult to make changes as you go along than with a concept map. For your linear plan you can use the chapter headings recommended by your supervisor or the headings in the following list:

1. Introduction and rationale:
   ‘Why on earth am I doing this is?’ ‘What led me to this topic?’
   Why am i looking at Psycoanalysis within advertising, what led me to this? 
2. Research question:
   Explain all the terms in the research question so that they’re clear. 
   What is Psycoanlysis explain the basic terms.........
3. Outline of the literature:
   ‘Who are the key thinkers, Bernays, Freud?’ ‘What are the key texts.................... Books im reading?’ ‘What is the underlying theoretical idea?’
4. Research methodologies:
   Pros and cons of different methods, for example, interview, observation, analysis
   Presentation of data – what I’ve found out
   Analysis of data/Discussion of data
5. Main theorists and supporters:
   Counter arguments and supporters
   My own view of the argument (and supporting theorists)
6. Conclusions and suggestions for further research:
   What I have found in relation to the research question
   Ideas for developing the dissertation topic
7. Appendices and bibliography:
   Additional material that would interrupt the flow of writing
   All the references and materials used

Analysis of existing examples: Car ads_ Psychoanalytical techniques

The next stage of my development with this research project is to start to apply what i have already learnt to analyse some existing examples.

The image below shows an ad that was published by jaguar, The ad shows the car itself accompanied by a powerful wealthy male figure, in my opinion this is just a representation of what is on offer when you buy this product. the desirability is not only the car itself but what is gained by the purchase. Power wealth and most of all happiness.

Here we see how advertising works when using sexualisation, for example here again an ad by jaguar this time the car is used as a symbol of sex. The ad is aimed at the male buyer the unconscious mind is targeted by the connection to sex the car in turn is showcased as though it is a beautiful woman and what male does not love a topless woman.

This is a great example of how sexualisation can be used to sell products.    

COP3_ Research write up.

As we are members of a consumer society, all through our life we are continuously confronted and faced with images that are all intending to sell products or services to us. We are constantly persuaded to purchase goods that are not necessities in every day life, but rather commodities that will fulfil our desires. In order to understand this i must look at the way our consumer society works and how persuasion works. I must look into the history behind capitalist culture and in particular how psycoanalysis is used by the advertising industry to maintain and progress with customer demands for commodities.

I will begin by looking at Karl Marx it was declared that there multiple relationships that are apparent within society, social relationships connecting people, and also the relationship between individuals and their products of their work. With the growth and success of capitalism it is without doubt apparent that relationships have been broken and social relatons are now seen as being prodominatey a relationship between people and money, a result of, labour today is viewed only in terms of the value that it will add to raw materials.

Marx said that for there to be a successful capitalist economy, there would needs to be a continuos demeans for commodities being produced. The advertising industry has facilitated the expansion of consumer demand for products by learning what encourages consumer behaviour. As a result of this some techniques used within psychoanalysis are employed by the advertising industry to capture and persuade the consumers unconscious desires.

Psychoanalysis is most commonly used as a tool of therapy with intentions to give the person a real insight into their unconscious desires and motives. This was all the work of Sigmund Freud, Psychoanalytic theory states that most if an adults personality sources from a deep conflict between a persons desire to satisfy their physical needs, but also to function as a responsible part of society. Freud stated that the struggle is carried out in the mind by three structures; the id,super ego and ego. 

Freud found that the id is completely based on on instantaneous gratification. It works according to the principle of pleasure, and the persons action is guided by the want and wish to take full advantage of this pleasure. On the other hand the superego is the counterbalance to the id and basically is a persons conscious thought. The ego is the structure that is the real control between the id and the superego. The ego attempts to stabilise the fight between the conflicting forces, by discovering actions to please the id and still be acceptable within society. Freud found that conflicts between the id and superego occurred at an unconscious level, so it is assumed that a person may not know of the motives that underlie all of their actions and behaviours 

Freud went onto explore the mechanics of the unconscious mind in the course of his dream studies and two of his studies have been of real significance to the advertising industry. For example symbolism is commonly used in advertisements just as dreams use symbols that in turn represent a persons unconscious desires. Symbols allow the mind to work in a completely different way to the rational mind, and only at a figurative level does a symbol hold meaning. Freud stated that, the deeper meanings   related with symbols are beyond conscious judgment. The Freudian viewpoint implies that 'the ego always relies on the symbolism within products to compromise in between the demands of the id and the prohibitions of the super ego.' Thus, advertising frequently uses symbols to communicate the messages that would otherwise be unmanageable or problematic. 

The unconscious mind makes links between the symbols and the desires through association. Freud discovered that two aspects can relate simply because they occur simultaneously. However this association may be forgotten the connection remains within the unconscious mind. Freud's insight emphasises the prospective importance of what we call unconscious motives that are the underlying purchases and how symbolism and the association can be used by the advertising industry to really ensure that there is a constant consumer demand for commodities.  

Advertising successfully communicates meaning by association of symbols that represent individual desires with commodities. From the publics perspective it may seem as the ad is displaying two objects with similar meaning, however 'it is only in the advertisement that this transference of meaning takes place.' The advertisement may be using an already existing language or 'sign system', and by appropriating an association this is present in that system between the signifier and signified, advertisements are able to articulate its product in terms of the equivalent relationship. This is all achieved by making the association between the product and the signifier. 

The work of advertisements is not to formulate a meaning, but to communicate meaning by way of a 'sign system' that we familiar with. A result of this 'significance in one system can be used to create a new system of significance.' 

Roland Barthes's work based on images, suggested that the meanings are formed through rules that govern the symbols, and although 'meanings might appear to be natural, obvious and immanent, they are in fact produced...they are constructed through identifiable processes of signification at work in all representations.' This states that advertisements use differences existing in social traditions to produce real differences and distinctions between products.

Advertisements are preceded by the research of the market, this gives an insight into what it is that the public think about the products. During the 1950s, motivational research endeavoured to use the Freudian ideas to comprehend the deeper meanings that where the underlying the advertisement and the products. This approach was the real fundamentals based on psychoanalytic interpretations with a huge importance placed on un conscious motives. This research relied on comprehensive interviews and the behaviour of the customer, this was all investigated in order to determine each individuals motivations towards the purchase. The resulting information was then used to develop the marketing communications that appealed to the individuals subconscious desires. It really provided an influential grasp that would really generate further consumer behaviour. By adapting Freud's ideas, the advertisers found that to persuade consumers, they had to tap into the unconscious minds of people. The implication was that the public could not necessarily verbalise what their exact motivation for selecting the product was.

A psychoanalyst named Alfred Adler stated that the most human actions are provoked by an individuals desire to conquer feelings of inadequacy relative to other peoples. This shows that within a consumer society, 'a person may channel his or her unacceptable desires into acceptable outlets by using products that signify these underlying desires of inferiority' This shows that as consumers, we all buy not to gratify our needs but our desires. We will always continue to buy because according to psychoanalysts Jacques Lacan, our desires can never be fully satisfied. Consumer objects and products are best explained by their capability to excite desires and as a result, commodities have now become a way of defining ourselves.

Most of all psychoanalytic applications within marketing are linked or associated with the sexuality of commodities. The most widespread need is to feel sexually attractive, so to relate a product with sex is the best way to sell it. Robert Goldman Gives an example using the L'Oreal ad for lipstick. The advertisement displays female lips against a predominantly white background. The eyes are shielded giving the ad a mysterious feel, her face is flawlessly smooth and the full red lips are slightly parted. The next aspect of the advertisement is very significant it shows a male figure with his back turned to the viewer. The ad supports a prominent ideological version of women that is defined by the male gaze, this suggests that 'male power and womens power over men is constituted through appearances.' In this instance, the woman as an epitome of glamour and beauty and this is commanding the interest of the male by making herself and object of desire to the male.

On the other hand this has also apparent within advertising for Males......... Show example for example the 

I have selected an image that i feel reflects and represents all the key points that where risen during the last seminar from the text - Coward, R ., 'The Look' Pages 33-39 the advert was created by Lynx in 2011,

'The camera in contemporary media has been put to use as an extension of the male gaze at women on the streets. Here, men can, and do, stare at women.' (p. 36) The fact that the model in the ad is gazing directly at the viewer gives the ad an instant connection with the viewer. The position the model is taking is also in a sexual manor and is not a natural posture. This is again backing up the feeling of male dominance as she is bent down in front of us pulling the food from the oven this is again displaying the male fantasy of a submissive female. 

Backing up the feeling of male dominance is the representation of a unintelligent female figure this backs up the image of a controllable female that is submissive and will do as she is told. This is something that has been reflected for a long period of time within society and women are now starting to live up to this image to please the males, 'Clearly this comfort is connected with feeling secure or powerful. And women are bound to this power precisely because visual impressions have been elevated to the position of holding the key to our psychic well-being, our social success, and indeed to wether or not we will be loved.' (p. 37) this quote shows that in modern society females have adapted to and are now acting up to this male fantasy to give the males what he wants.

The ad is a great example of of where female vanity has been taken to the next level as you can see the model has been been depicted as vein and sexy by the attire that she is wearing in addition to the enormous breasts skinny body and tight bottom this is seen as the ideal woman in the male gaze this is just a statement that she wants males to look at her and and she looks like this and shows it off to please men, a quote that represents this theory is. "Women's Experience of sexuality rarely strays far from ideologies and feelings of self image. There's a preoccupation with the visual image of self and others and concomitant anxiety about how these images measure up to a socially prescribed ideal." This quote shows that there is a social idea of the ideal on which a woman should look and also how she should act this shows that we are a society that is dominated by aesthetics.

The vision of the sexy controllable house wife is the ideal in the male gaze this quote

"The saturation of society with images of women has nothing to do with men's natural appreciation of objective beauty, their aesthetic appreciation, and everything to do with an obsessive recording and use of women's images in ways which make men conformable." This is an ongoing reminder that women are seen to be there to be controlled by the male. This just gives the male more power. 

Advertisements such as this really encourage women not to simply 'glamorise' themselves with possessions, but also to identify themselves as objectified surfaces. Body parts are abstracted from the person so that every part bears its own sexual persona. John Berger similarly makes reference to how the behaviour of women in artwork is frequently structured so that the women emerge as objects of display for the exploitation and to be admired by the spectator or owner. 

Psychoanalysis has helped us understand how our consumer society works, and as a result techniques such as symbolism and association have been employed by the advertising industry in an effort to expand the commodity market. By enticing the deep-seated desires of the unconscious mind, the advertising industry has managed to get a firm control over consumer purchases and essentially, over an individual’s freedom of choice. In a fight for consumer freedom, subcultures resist the persuasive nature of advertisements and give new meaning to commodities that have already been pre-defined. Through acts of rebellion in art, fashion and language, this has been achieved.                              

References

Reading List for this passage of text. 

Barthes, R. (1973). Mythologies, transl. Annette Lavers Palladin Books

Berger, J. (1977). Way of Seeing. Great Britain. Chapter 7

Carlson, N., R. & Buskist, W. (1997). Psychology: The Science of Behaviour. Allyn and Bacon, MA

Debord, G. (1967). Society of the Spectacle. Black and Red, Detroit, 1997

Goldman, R. (1992). Reading Ads Socially. Routledge, 1992

Hebdige, D. (1979). Subculture: the Meaning of Style. Routledge

Marris, P. & Thorham, S. (1996). Media Studies: A Reader. Edinburgh University Press

Solomon, M., R., Dann, S., Dann, S. & Russell-Bennett, R. (2007). Consumer Behaviour: Buying, Having, Being. Pearson Education Group, NSW

Williamson, J. (1978). Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. Boyars

Looking at arguments within this subject. 

For example The rules layed out by psychoanalysis 

The rules of psychoanalysis vs Creativity

Principle 10_ Ignore all the rules and prescriptions.

Every successful Ad man or woman will tell you that rule breaking is the heart of an advertisers art. In one scene in Mad Men, leading fifth avenue creative Don Draper shakes his head in disbelief over a black and white magazine as for volkswagen cars. Many other real advertisers shared this fictional characters bemusement when Doyle Dane Bernbach's now very iconic series of ads which really urged the consumers to think small, and the like began to appear in the 1960's. it seemed to go against every principle of advertising and yet they worked.

For example Conventional thinking has mostly suggested that clear bottles containing colourless liquid dont work in advertising, this ad shows that conventional thinking gets no ad man or woman anywhere. Absolut 1980'

The Writings of David Ogilvy, not least his bestselling 'Confessions of an advertising Man' are all full of rules: 'when your advertisement is to contain a coupon and you want the maximum returns, put it at the top, bang in the middle', ect But he nonetheless created a business that brok all the rules. Advertising is all about connecting with your target audience. and in some cases the most effective way of doing this is turning conversation on its head. For example, research has regularly stated that colourless and therefore characterless bottles are a drawback in terms of advertising potential, However this research is pushed aside and these campaigns have been some of the most creative and imaginative campaigns of all time.

Copywriter Ed McCabe stated that 'i have no use for rules, they only rule out the brilliant exception.' The amazing Bill Bernbach was always very keen to remind his peers that advertising is basically an art and this art is persuasion rather than a strict science. 'Rules are what artists breaks'  he noted 'the memorable never emerged from a formula.'

Doing it all the wrong way, going against recieved wisdom at every turn is sometimes the only way to get everything right. That in my opinion could be one of the 10 principles of advertising. 

I have found that the rules are there to be broken, The economist ad below even explains its own rule breaking.